The Diet of Worms 1521, Luther and the Emperor

The Diet of Worms 1521, Luther and the Emperor When Martin Luther fell into disagreement with the Catholic hierarchy in 1517, he wasn’t simply arrested and carted to a stake (as some views of the medieval period might make you believe). There was plenty of theological discussion which soon turned into temporal, political and cultural considerations. One key part of this disagreement, which would become the Reformation and see the western church permanently split, came at the Diet of Worms in 1521. Here, an argument over theology (which still could have resulted in someone’s death), was fully turned into a secular conflict over laws, rights and political power, a vast pan-European milestone in how government and society worked, as well as how the church prayed and worshipped. What’s a Diet? Diet is a Latin term, and you might be more familiar with a different language: Reichstag. The Diet of the Holy Roman Empire was a legislature, a proto-parliament, which had limited powers but which met frequently and did affect law in the empire. When we refer to the Diet of Worms, we don’t mean a Diet that met uniquely in the city of Worms in 1521, but a system of government which was established and which, in 1521, turned its eye to the conflict Luther had begun. Luther Lights the Fire In 1517 many people were unhappy with the way the Latin Christian Church was run in Europe, and one of those was a lecturer and theologian called Martin Luther. Whereas other opponents of the church had made grand claims and rebellions, in 1517 Luther drew up a list of points for discussion, his 95 Theses, and sent them to friends and key figures. Luther wasn’t trying to break the church or start a war, which was what would happen. He was reacting to Dominican friar called Johann Tetzel selling indulgences, meaning someone could pay to have their sins forgiven. The key figures Luther sent his theses too included the Archbishop of Mainz, who Luther asked to stop Tetzel. He might also have nailed them up in public.Luther wanted an academic discussion and he wanted Tetzel stopped. What he got was a revolution. The theses proved popular enough for them to be spread around Germany and beyond by interested and / or angered thinkers, some of whom supported Luther and convinced him to write more in support of them. Some were unhappy, like Archbishop Albert of Mainz, who asked if the papacy would decide if Luther was in the wrong†¦The war of words began, and Luther battled by developing his ideas into a brave new theology at odds with the past, what would be Protestantism. Luther is Defended by Secular Power By mid 1518 the Papacy had summoned Luther to Rome to question him, and probably punish him, and this is where things began to get complex. Elector Frederick III of Saxony, a man who helped choose the Holy Roman Emperor and a figure of great power, felt he had to defend Luther, not because of any agreement with the theology, but because he was a prince, Luther was his subject, and the Pope was claiming clashing powers. Frederick arranged for Luther to avoid Rome, and instead go to the Diet meeting in Augsburg. The papacy, not normally one to concede to secular figures, needed Frederick’s support in picking the next emperor and in helping a military expedition against the Ottomans, and agreed. At Augsburg, Luther was interrogated by Cardinal Cajetan, a Dominican and a clever and well-read supporter of the church.   Luther and Cajetan argued, and after three days Cajetan issued an ultimatum; Luther returned quickly to his home of Wittenberg, because Cajetan had been sent by th e Pope with orders to arrest the trouble maker if necessary. The Papacy weren’t giving an inch, and in November 1518 issued a bull clarifying the rules on indulgences and saying Luther was wrong. Luther agreed to stop it. Luther is Pulled Back The debate was about far more than Luther now, and theologians carried on his arguments, until Luther just had to return and he ended up taking part in a public debate in June 1519 with Andreas Carlstadt against Johann Eck. Driven by Eck’s conclusions, and after several committees analysing Luther’s writings, the Papacy decided to declare Luther heretical and excommunicate him over 41 sentences. Luther has sixty days to recant; instead he wrote more and burned the bull.Normally the secular authorities would arrest and execute Luther. But the timing was perfect for something else to happen, as the new Emperor, Charles V, had pledged all his subjects should have proper legal hearings, while the papal documents were far from ordered and water tight, including blaming Luther for someone else’s writing. As such, it was proposed Luther should appear before the Diet of Works. The Papal representatives were aghast at this challenge to their power, Charles V tended to agr ee, but the situation in Germany meant Charles dare not upset the men of the Diet, who were adamant they should play their role, or the peasants. Luther was saved from immediate death by a struggle over secular power, and Luther was asked to appear in 1521. The Diet of Worms 1521 Luther made his first appearance on April 17th 1521. Having been asked to accept that the books he’d been accused of writing were his (which he did so), he was asked to reject their conclusions. He asked for time to think, and the next day conceded only that his writing might have used wrong words, saying that the subject and the conclusions were genuine and he stuck by them. Luther now discussed the situation with Frederick, and with a man working for the Emperor, but no one could make him recant over even one of the 41 statements the Papacy condemned him for.Luther left on April 26th, with the Diet still afraid condemning Luther would cause a rebellion. However, Charles signed an edict against Luther when he had gathered some support from those who remained, declared Luther and his supporters illegal, and ordered the writings burned. But Charles had calculated wrongly. The leaders of the empire who hadn’t been at the Diet, or who had already left, argued the edict did n’t have their support. Luther is Kidnapped. Sort of. As Luther fled back home, he was fake-kidnapped. He was actually taken to safety by troops working for Frederick, and he hid in Wartburg Castle for many months converting the New Testament into German. When he came out of hiding it was into a Germany where the Edict of Worms had failed, where many secular rulers acknowledged the support of Luther and his descendants were too strong to crush. Consequences of the Diet of Worms The Diet and the Edict had transformed the crisis from a theological, religious dispute into a political, legal and cultural one. Now it was princes and lords arguing over their rights as much as the finer points of church law. Luther would need to argue for many more years, his followers would divide the continent, and Charles V would retire exhausted by the world, but Worms ensured that the conflict was multi-dimensional, vastly harder to solve.   Luther was a hero to everyone who opposed the emperor, religious or not. Soon after Worms, the peasants would rebel in the German Peasant’s War, the conflict the princes had been keen to avoid, and these rebels would see Luther as a champion, on their side. Germany itself would divide into Lutheran and Catholic provinces, and later in the history of the Reformation Germany would be torn apart by the multi-faceted Thirty Years War, where secular issues would be no less important in complicating what was happening. In one sense Wor ms was a failure, as the Edict failed to stop the church dividing, in others it was a great success that has been said to have led to the modern world.

Feasibility study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feasibility study - Research Paper Example The new business venture will be called Pizzeria Inn. It will be located at the northern Mexico. The new industry will, therefore, feature Dine in, Take Out and also Delivery services. Most economists and researchers agree that entrepreneurship is one of the significant ingredients for stimulating economic growth as well as offering job opportunities to the jobless members of all the societies. According to Jacksack & Start (2003), globally, successful SMEs have become the primary engines of job creation and poverty reduction in the marginalized communities. As a business entrepreneur, a business plan is the only tool which can help the small business expand. It is the road map an entrepreneur needs to follow in order to realize the set goals and objectives. It is, therefore, the initial step to a successful business venture. Any business entrepreneur should, therefore, provide a business plan which acts as a guide to the whole business process. The paper, therefore, endeavors to conduct a business plan for New Antoniou Pizzeria. The new business venture will target the middle income pizza in Sparks. Pizza inn is thought to be conveniently accessible to over 90,000 targeted market consumers in this region. This includes one of the most attractive market opportunities for this venture. The competitive analysis of the business venture has identified significant market place gaps to serve as the base for the industries competitive advantage. This business venture would help Mexican middle class residents around the beach as well as far residents who come to the beach to benefit from low priced delicious dishes which maybe could not have afforded from other huge restaurants. It would also help other entrepreneurs to venture in innovative business ventures hence gain the managerial and entrepreneurial skills needed to run such

NURSNG ROLE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NURSNG ROLE - Research Paper Example The outline also focuses on the two main roles of the nurses, which are a helping role and a teaching and coaching role. These are further composed of various aspects that facilitate the running of the profession. The helping role encompasses the roles of a nurturer, and a direct caregiver. On the other hand, the teaching and coaching role is wider and encompasses aspects such as nurses as agents of change, managers, teachers, counselors and researchers. Further, the outline also brings into focus the aspect the nurse being a champion of the patients’ rights and needs. The nurse becomes the principal care provider for the patient in the hospital. Further, the nurses inform patients of their rights and helps in enforcing and safeguarding those rights. Introductory Paragraph In the past, around the mid-1800s, nurses used to be viewed as the subordinates, or handmaiden, to the doctors. Their roles were remarkably few and majorly involved doing what the physician ordered. Such inc luded looking after patients in the hospitals, straightening beds, feeding the patients, aiding the patients with the bandages and helping the patients find their way around hospitals. Nevertheless, a lot has changed since the mid-1800s. Today, nurses are professionals who have their own roles; separate and different professional roles from doctors. Doctors still write the orders as they did before. However, a nurse gets expected to know when such an order, dosage or a medication are wrong so as to follow the necessary procedures to indulge the physicians on such orders. Further, a nurse has nursing duties that involve assessment, coming up with a nursing plan, family and patient education, medication teaching, dressing changes among others. All these nursing roles fall under two main categories, which are a helping role and a teaching and coaching role. The Helping Role This is the most essential role of the nursing profession and is considered the traditional role. A number of thi ngs fall under this role and collectively facilitate the functioning of the nursing professionals. This role gets manifested in two distinct ways. These are the roles of nurses as nurtures and direct care givers. This care is directed to the human body. The Biblical reference to this role is 1 Cor. 6:19. This scripture reference talks about the body being the temple of God and thus, taking care of it is an imperative. Text Description The helping role is one of the most prominent roles of the nurses in the hospital set up. This role is patient-oriented. The nurse serves as a nurturer of the patient. Further, the nurse is responsible for providing all the necessities of the patients throughout their stay at the hospital. In addition to this, due the extensive interaction of the nurse and the patients, the nurse comforts the patient during their hospitalization. The nurses offer direct care to the patient. Further, they promote the comfort of the client, who is the patient. This role is best made manifested by the mothering actions relevant from the nurses. Such activities involve the knowledge and sensitivity to the matters that are relevant to the clients. In essence, the nursing roles are meant to show concern for the patient welfare. Further, the nursing roles take into account the need for the acceptance of the patient as a person. References Journal of Advanced Nursing,Volume 68,

Human memory Essay Example for Free

Human memory Essay The investigation into whether images aid memory recall has been fairly successful. The experimental hypothesis: participants in condition 1(words with images) would perform better than those in condition 2 (words without images), has been rejected therefore the null hypothesis: there will be no difference in condition 1 (involving grid of random words supported by images) and condition 2 (only consisting of random words) has been accepted. Only to some extent from the line graph (Condition 1 vs. Condition 2), can we say condition 1 (words with images) recalled more words than those in condition 2 (words without images) because the line for condition 1 is generally above the line for condition 2 and this fairly supports the experimental hypothesis. The results measured using central tendency and measures of dispersion moderately support the experimental hypothesis. The mean and median for condition 1 (14. 1 14. 5) was greater than of condition 2 (12. 6 13. 5) indicating that there is a better recall when words are companied by visual aid and this supports the experimental hypothesis. The range (11) illustrated that data for both conditions were equally spread out, which does not necessary support the experimental hypothesis. Standard deviation, a more reliable measure of the dispersion than range has shown data in condition 2 (3. 977715704) is slightly more spread out than in condition 1 (3. 604010112). Descriptive statistics (numerical graphical) have illustrated that condition 1 (words with images) performed better and this supports the experimental hypothesis. Not only do the numerical statistics support the hypothesis but the results are fairly pronounced, simply by looking at the line graph (graphical statistics); there is definitely a difference between both conditions although the Mann-Whitney U-test shows this to be below the level of significance. Inferential statistics, which enable us to draw clear conclusions about the likelihood of the hypothesis being true, is evidence for accepting the null hypothesis. The implication of the results measured using a non-parametric method, The Mann-Whitney U-test clearly shows that at the significance level of 0. 05, the results were very likely to have happened by chance. Though the observed value, 35 is greater than the critical value of 23 but only by 10. Comparatively, the findings of this study support previous theory and research but also are contrary to them. Bower, 1972 imagery recall experiment found that participants, who used imagery, recalled 80% of the words compared to only 45% by the non-imagers. In this investigation, participants in condition 1 (words with images) recalled 70. 5% of the words compared to 63% by the non-imagers. My investigation does support Bowers findings, since there is a difference however the differences between the two conditions is not significant. Previous research does suggest that data in STM is stored in an acoustic manner this was demonstrated by Conrad (1964). Illustrating people may not always use visual codes to remember data and this supports the null hypothesis; in addition Baddeleys (1966) study suggests that data is also stored semantically and this again illustrates that people may not always use visual codes. A possible problem with this experiment is the experimental design which lacks ecological validity and also does not account for individual differences. The study used independent groups, which meant it lacked control of participant variable and needed more participants. A matched participant design could have been used instead to deal with participant variables as participants are matched on key variables such as age and memory ability. Another problem of the study was the sample size. The study only used 20 participants, a small sample; therefore findings cannot be generalised to the rest of the population. So, a larger sample size of 50+ would be more representative and can be generalised. In addition, the investigation used opportunity sampling, which is very biased, and again it cannot be generalised. Random sampling would be the best method to select participants since it is potentially unbiased. An additional problem was the images used; some of the images were cartoon images (i. e. bible pizza) and others were actual photographs (real life images, i. e. greenhouse). This may have been a problem since real life images may possibly be easier to remember than cartoon images or vice versa. To resolve such problem, would be by using only cartoon images alone or only real life images. The recall between genders may have wider implications: on the whole men have performed better than women, when studies have shown women should perform better than men. For example; women perform better than men in tasks such as verbal learning remembering tasks, name face association, and first last name associations learning (Larrabee and Crook, 1993). Ideas for a follow up research study is the effects of gender recall and discover if there is a significant effect for the sex of a participant on the types of gender associated images recalled and to compare the effects of visual and semantic codes in depth. There is evidence to illustrate that people do remember more with the aid of visual representation and evidence to illustrate people remember more without any visual representation. This itself suggests people do remember data and information differently (individual differences), i. e. acoustically, semantically. Therefore it is important to recognize these findings as they have strong insinuations for its involvement in everyday life, for example with teaching, revision and marketing. References Bibliography Atkinson, R. C. Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds. ), The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 8. London: Academic Press Baddeley, A. D. (1966) Encoding in LTM: The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. , 18, 302-9 Bahrick, H. P. (1975) The nature of LTM: Fifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 104, pp. 54-75

Jacob Lawrence :: essays research papers

Jacob Lawrence has painted figurative and narrative pictures of the black community and black history for more than 60 years in a consistent modernist style, using expressive, strong design and flat areas of color. Jacob Lawrence was a great artist. During Harlem Renaissance, he helped establish African American artists. He gave lectures at Washington University, and he enjoyed working with students of all ages. Jacob Lawrence was born in Atlantic City on September 7, 1917. His parents Jacob Armstead Lawrence and Rose Lee were part of the Great Migration of Black Americans (1916-1930). One million people left the rural South for the urban North during this period. He moved with his family for Easton, Pennsylvania. After his parents separated, he moved with his mother to Philadelphia. In 1927, his mother moved to New York and placed Lawrence and his siblings in foster homes. In 1930, Lawrence, age 13, and his brother and sister moved to Harlem to live with his mother. During Lawrence’s childhood, his family was forced to relocate many times as his parents looked for work. Steady jobs were hard to find, especially for African Americans. Racial prejudice prevented them from pursuing certain jobs or professions. Harlem was a crowded, teeming place, and the public school Lawrence attended was considered among the roughest in the area. But Harlem in the 1930s was also the center of what became known as the Harlem Renaissance. To keep her son out of trouble Rose Lawrence enrolled him in an after-school arts and crafts program at a local community center. It was taught by a young African American artist named Charles Alston. Alston liked the serious, quiet Lawrence and made sure he had lots of materials for his efforts. He found that drawing geometric designs in bright colors satisfied him greatly. He soon moved on to elaborate patterns and developed his own method of painting in which particular shapes were rendered in corresponding colors, one at a time. Lawrence continued in this mode through much of his career. The notable consistency of color is apparent in the artist’s later series of story panels. Lawrence got many of his ideas from the books and magazines he found at the center where the classes were held. Lawrence had Alston show him how to mix paper-mache, and he went on to create many colorful, life-size masks. He also used cardboard boxes to fashion three-sided scenes, depicting locales in Harlem- stores, barbershops, houses and newsstands.

Deterioration of the English Language

Word Count: 1,237 Denise Moreno Professor Carlene Coury English 120 13 April 2013 Deterioration of the English Language The English language seems to be deteriorating more and more each day. So many examples can be given to justify this observation. Three different writers have pointed out some examples of the butchering of the language. Martha Brokenbrough states that the constant use of instant messaging jargon and internetism can certainly be a good way to reshape the way we communicate. At the same time she writes it can also affect the way we communicate properly and professionally.Author, George Orwell, speaks about how we have developed words in the English language to disguise the true meaning for political causes. Orwell points out that we mask what we truly want to say, and at the same time, we confuse the reader by not making sense of what we write. Speechwriter, Clark Whelton, pointed out that vagueness is a growing problem in our mother language; therefore, college stude nts don’t know how to stop being vague while trying to communicate. Even though all three writers make different points about English decaying as a language, they all concur in the cause of this problem, laziness.Martha Brokenbrough states â€Å"So the key with Internetisms is to know when it's okay to use them, when it's not okay, and when not using them will make you look clueless† (149). Brokenbrough emphasizes that using instant messaging lingo is not bad, and it is appropriate in specific time and places, however, not knowing where and when to use this lingo, can cause confusion and make you look foolish. LOL is a very common phrase to hear nowadays, but when one goes to a job interview and can’t carry a conversation without using any of these abbreviations, it is not only unacceptable but disrespectful.The shortcuts we use may be making us look lazy and dumb when used at a courtroom or a doctor’s office as examples. LMAO seems impolite and childish when used at these places. This type of jargon is, however, necessary when texting and chatting in the world today to be considered hip and normal. One thing that is important to remember is to know when to use the instant messaging lingo and when to not use it as the author claims. More importantly, she explains that it does not take that much longer to use the correct words when needed so that others do not think one is dumb.Knowing when to use all these internetisms can save us embarrassment and make us seem cool if used correctly. â€Å"Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it†(446). In this quote, George Orwell states that it is not that we don’t know how to properly communicate our ideas, but we choose to do nothing about it to correct it. There are a lot of useless words that political writers tend to use when wanting to be unclear but with the intention of making writings seem as clear as water.Orwell mentions some types of these unnecessary words: dying metaphors, verbal false limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless words. Dying metaphors â€Å"are merely used because they save people the trouble of inventing phrases for themselves†(448). The author is explaining that sometimes in writing there are a lot of recycled expressions that we all use generally as opposed to looking for our own and being original. What verbal false limbs do is that they â€Å"save the trouble of picking out appropriate verbs and nouns, and at the same time pad each sentence with extra syllables which give it an appearance of symmetry†(449).This quote is referring to the words we tend to use as fillers and again are meaningless to use in a sentence. Verbal false limbs are words that the writer can do without in order to make sense. Pretentious diction are words that are â€Å"used to dress up simple sta tements and give an air of scientific impartiality to biased judgments†(449). Words like â€Å"phenomenon† and â€Å"effective† get used to pursue the writer to believe the biased thoughts you may want to get across.Finally, meaningless words are â€Å"strictly meaningless in the sense that they not only do not point to any discoverable object, but are hardly ever expected to do so by the reader†(450). Using these kind of words is only good to persuade the reader into believing things that aren’t meant by the writer. All of these words are examples of bad choices while writing and once again an example of laziness. Orwell emphasizes that writers make the mistake of using all these words to express themselves, but in reality they just end up not being able to communicate what it was they really wanted to say. Playbacks and self-quoting (He was like, â€Å"Where are you going? † and I was like, â€Å"I'm going to work†) are the most dura ble symptoms of vagueness, and may find permanent homes in 21st century English†(Whelton, par. 14). This particular quote by the speech writer, Clark Whelton, highlights the most common way English has become vague. â€Å"Whoa, that is so wow† â€Å"well, like yeah† and â€Å"I mean like, you know† are examples of vague talking and the loss of proper English. Whelton points out that younger people, even having graduated from college, lack a sense of professionalism and good communicative verbal skills.He states that it is so common to hear people express themselves with â€Å"self-quoting, playbacks of past conversations, ‘up talking’ (ending declarative sentences with an interrogative rise), and run-on sentences†(Whelton, par. 2). The examples given are comparable with ways a child would communicate. After using these bad habits of communication over and over again, there is no doubt that knowing how to properly carry on a conversation disappears off the permanent memory. The author implies that if the problem of vagueness had been corrected at an early age, vagueness itself would have been a lot more contained than it is now.Along with Brockenbrough and Orwell, Whelton has insinuated that writers today have lack of thought for themselves, also known as laziness. Using abbreviations related to instant messaging, words that have no exact meaning or used as fillers, or simple vagueness such as â€Å"like†, is wrong when wanting to communicate in formal or professional way. Not only would using these types of shortcuts make one look dumb but also lazy. Possessing the correct skills to communicate verbally or in written form is as important as knowing how to match a clothes outfit.One is under the belief that using internetisms is going to save time, but unfortunately, that is only a myth. The truth is using shortcuts saves only seconds that can make the difference in appearing dumb, lazy, or intelligent. To s ound distinguished by using exotic or meaningless words, one might use as padding for our confusing writing, can cause one to appear dumb and lazy as well. Being vague does not help anyone in trying to clearly communicate what they truly want to say; it only makes people look childish and sluggish.All in all, the three writers agree that no one should opt for easy time saving abbreviations, fake fancy words, or vagueness that plagues us, to communicate properly and not be thought of being a dumb, lazy, childish person. Works Cited Brockenbrough, Martha. â€Å"Does IM make U Dum? †. The Conscious Reader 12th ed. Longman2012. 148-151 Print. Orwell, George. â€Å"Politics and the English Language†. The Conscious Reader 12th ed. Longman2012. 445-457 Print. Whelton, Clark. â€Å"Vague-Talking and the Loss of English. † MINDING THE CAMPUS, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 25 March 2013.

Video Games And The Xbox One - 1120 Words

Imagine you are at home with family and friends and y’all want to watch a movie or want vibe out to some music. The Xbox One is a system for all members of the family to enjoy. The console has an amazing assortment of video games and apps and functionalities that tailor to almost anyone’s entertainment needs. The Xbox One accommodates for those who want to relax and listen to music, or maybe sit back, watch their favorite TV show with the family, surf the web for information to help them with a paper, simply play video games, and so much more. The Xbox One and its premier feature Xbox Live make it a perfect choice for anyone looking for an all-around entertainment hub First, there is the fluent and easy to use Xbox One interface. Once the Xbox has started up you are brought to the home screen, which is a layout of boxes with thumbnails for the application that they represent. The largest box on the home screen contains the most recently used games or apps. To the left of that is the friends list, messages, notification, and settings menu. To the right of it are whatever promotions and sales currently going on in the Xbox Live Marketplace. Directly below the main module are your most used games and apps in order from most recently used to last. Below that is an area of most used games and apps this is the tab labeled my stuff which contains all games and apps. Xbox live also has many forms of social media. The Microsoft created service has apps such as Twitter, Facebook,Show MoreRelatedVideo Games And The Xbox One1111 Words   |  5 Pagessome music. The Xbox One is a system for all members of the family to enjoy. The console has an amazing assort ment of video games and apps and functionalities that tailor to almost anyone’s entertainment needs. The Xbox One accommodates for those who want relax and listen to music, or maybe sit back watch their favorite TV show with the family, surf the web for information to help them with a paper, simply play video games, and so much more. The Xbox One and its premier feature Xbox Live make it aRead MoreThe Xbox One Is A Gaming Console1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe Xbox One is a gaming console made by Microsoft, Inc. It is in the middle of its product life, 2 years old at the time of this paper. The success of the original Xbox, and Xbox 360 provided a platform for Xbox one to succeed and capture market share for competition- Sony PS3 and Nintendo. Xbox one has become a bestselling gaming console with millions of units sold around the world. 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In the United States alone, the market has grown considerably where 60% of all Americans play video games, 40% are women, and 60% of all gamers are between the ages of 25 through 44 years old (games-advertising.com)